This is the biggest solar plant in
the United States, located in Kern, California. The Solar Star Plant is over 8
square miles and has a generation capacity of 579 megawatts, powering around
255,000 homes. This is impressive, but about 6,500 miles away, in this remote
desert, there's a solar facility that could dwarf it … and just about every other
solar plant on earth. And it’s not alone. Like many deserts, China’s Kubuqi desert enjoys
persistent but predictable winds and around 280 days of scorching sunshine every year. This makes
it a challenging place to live, farm or do just about anything else, but it makes it perfect
for solar and wind generation. That’s exactly what China is doing. This is the Kubuqi Renewables
Base. It’s roughly the size of 20 Central Parks, and when fully operational, it will supply
16 gigawatts to well over a million homes. Kubuqi is impressive, but it’s just
the centerpiece in a vast network of around 225 bases being built across China’s
western and northern deserts. Kubuqi and its sister projects are well on track to have a
generational capacity of 455 gigawatts(GW), 60% of which will be solar and the other
40% will be wind. That’s staggering — to put it into perspective, that's more clean energy
generation capacity than is currently available in any nation outside China. A system that large
could almost cover India’s current energy needs by itself. 455 GW is equal to the combined green
energy generation of the the United Kingdom, Australia and Indonesia, plus the
total power capacity of Brazil. These bases are all due to come online
within the next year or two. That means China could dwarf the world’s current
renewable generation capabilities, but that raises the question, how has the world’s current biggest polluter
turned into green energy’s biggest champion? I’m Matt Ferrell … welcome to Undecided. This video is brought to you by
Incogni, but more on that later. Remember this? We’re back in the desert.
You probably already know that deserts are great for renewable energy generation.
Can’t have a solar farm without sun … and deserts have a lot of sun. Likewise
wind farms need wind, and the broad, warm, flat expanses of desert make for reliable
wind currents and predictable power generation. That all makes sense, but I’ve been a little
deceptive. I haven’t shown you a single shot of the Kubuqi desert just now. These are from
the Ulan Buh, Tengger, and Badain Jaran deserts, which are all also in China. It just so happens
that over a fifth of China’s landmass is desert, and it’s one of the largest countries in the
world. What I’m trying to say is China has a lot of room to work with, and as we mentioned earlier,
deserts aren’t exactly valuable territory. So, the nation has leveraged the cheap real estate
and surplus of sand to acquire huge tracts of land that it's actively turning into these
massive renewable bases. This helps drive down the price of solar and wind power. China
has the resources and space to build a lot of cheap solar and wind energy, but there’s
a more obvious factor at play here too. Back in the 90’s, China saw a financial
opportunity in serving Germany’s growing demand for solar panels. Thanks to nearby raw
materials and the structure of its supply chain, China was able to produce a ton of affordable
solar panels. Other solar companies around the world didn’t like the government subsidies and
incentives the Chinese government was leveraging. In response, many countries imposed tariffs on
Chinese-made solar panels in the 2000s. However, China was able to pivot and grow its own
domestic renewables program. This drove domestic demand for solar panels and turbines.
As Chinese economic and industrial power grew, demand for renewables grew right alongside it. So how did China build their renewable energy
bases? Cheap access to a lot of green technology, lots of manufacturing power, and lots of
land ideal for solar and wind generation. But _how_ China is these bases isn’t as interesting as _why_ China is
rapidly building these bases. This is a big reason why China is going so
big on renewables. This is Beijing in 2021, one of the biggest cities in one of the most
powerful countries on Earth … and it’s facing a crippling blackout. And this wasn’t the only
blackout. What was that? That year the world faced a coal shortage due in part to the ongoing pandemic.
More than half of China’s energy comes from coal, which meant that the shortage forced parts
of China to go dark. Droughts also meant hydroelectric plants were struggling to
keep up with demand. As you can imagine, that was bad for both Chinese citizens
and the country’s economy at large. Then there’s this. Here, again, is Beijing
and it’s not out of power this time. It’s just covered in a thick, toxic cloud. Industry isn’t
clean. It needs a lot of power and the fastest and easiest way to get power is the Dark Side
(I mean fossil fuels). And if China’s massive industrial sector wasn’t power-hungry enough,
they also have a massive population that needs electricity too. Most of which, again,
comes from fossil fuels, which results in pollution like this. Not the kind of imagery
an ascendant global power wants to project. While we’re on the subject of fossil fuels,
China is the world’s second-largest consumer of oil. They burned through over 13 million
barrels per day in 2023, while only producing around 4 million. Including strategic reserves,
this had led China to import around 11.4 million barrels of oil per day in 2023, which comes with
a hefty price tag. Sure would be great if they weren’t reliant on others for their energy needs.
I think you can see where I’m going with this. So why is China adding 455 GW of renewable
energy? Lots of economic reasons, protecting the health of their
citizens, energy independence, and international prestige to name a few.
Gosh, it’s almost like there’s just a lot of benefits to going green. And if it’s
possible for this massive polluter to turn around, can other countries do it too? Are there
lessons we can learn from China? And what does such a massive jump in green energy
generation mean for the rest of the world? But before talking about how this may impact the
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channel. So back to what we can learn from China. The installation of bases like
the one in Kubuqi has analysts, like those from the Centre for Research on Energy
and Clean Air (CREA), all but guaranteeing that Chinese emissions and fossil fuel use will
not only fall next year, but enter “into an extended period of structural decline.” This
is due not just to these bases coming online, but the growth of other greentech industries
in China, like renewable batteries and electric vehicles. China is now hitting their 2030
reduced emissions goal five years ahead of schedule. This gives me hope that they’ll be able
to hit their zero-emissions goal in 2060 as well. If one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels
can do it, then the rest of us can too, right? More immediately, all these plants coming online
should mean less polluted air not just for China, but its neighboring countries … and maybe more.
If China continues to build these facilities, and the technology continues to improve, there
are opportunities for these neighbors to buy surplus clean energy from China. Countries
like Mongolia that are currently China’s major coal sources are acutely aware of China’s
greenification. They’re trying to find alternative ways to generate energy and income as coal
demand collapses. Mongolia shares the Gobi desert with China and their side of the Gobi
is just as capable of generating that amazing solar and wind energy. There's an opportunity
here for China to export not just the energy, but the energy generation expertise
and material to these neighbors. It’s flipping the script … but these opportunities
aren’t just limited to China’s neighbors. Since 2013, China has been making economic and
literal inroads to much of the world (especially the global south) with its Belt & Road Initiative
(BRI). It’s like China’s attempt to make a sort of neo-Silk Road.’ Basically, China builds up
these countries’ infrastructure in exchange for favorable access to their natural resources. Under
the BRI, China can potentially build up the green infrastructure of these countries too. Though I
have to point out that the BRI is controversial. Proponents and the World Bank have noted that BRI
involvement can raise a country’s GDP by upwards of 4%. It can also boost the world’s economy and
gives these countries access to infrastructure development that, in many cases, wouldn’t normally
be available to them. Detractors have called it a form of neocolonialism, and have cited instances
where the program negatively impacted the local environment, involved displacing native peoples,
and even some really bad human rights abuses. Again, not a geopolitics channel, so I’m not gonna get
into it ... BUT … it brings up a good point. China is a global power on the ascent, and I’m
not suggesting they’ll bestow this energy or technology on their neighbors or allies simply out
of the goodness of their heart. Surely there will be some serious economic and political strings
attached. Is that trade worth it for improved infrastructure and access to green technology?
It's a complicated issue, and it’s not really for me to decide. I guess you could say I’m living
up to the name of the channel on that point. All of this assumes that what China is
doing at home is replicable elsewhere, which is certainly not always going to be the
case. Heck, even China is facing some serious problems. Check this out. Notice an issue? How
about now? Most of the renewable bases are in those far less populated regions in the
west while some of China’s biggest cities are on the east coast. It’s difficult to get all
that power from point A to a very distant point B without losing a lot in the process. China is
actively tackling this issue by developing ultra high voltage power lines. However, for the
time being they’re actually generating more renewable energy than they can use, which is
leading to curtailment. All the clean energy generation in the world doesn’t mean much
if it's not actually replacing fossil fuels. Still, there’s lessons to learn here. My home
country of the United States recently passed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), which directs $500
billion in federal spending and tax breaks toward, unsurprisingly, reducing inflation. Over
half of that allotment is intended to go toward clean energy with another nearly $50
billion going toward manufacturing. Though no one can really match China’s manufacturing
power, we are not too far behind here in the US. Our western and northern regions are home
to deserts and grasslands ripe for solar and wind energy. We have our own installations
in many of these places already, and I’m glad the IRA seems to have learned from China’s
economic incentives, but I hope we go further, and create our own fully fledged clean energy
bases. Having everything from mining resources to manufacturing solar panels, wind turbines,
and batteries here in the US could drop costs and accelerate our adoption … and give us
a tremendous amount of energy security. No bones about it, this is an amazing step
in the right direction. And unlike a lot of stuff in the greentech space, the Kubuqi clean
energy base isn’t a work of futurology or the pitch of an exciting startup. It’s real,
it's working right now, and it's getting bigger. It has a bunch of sibling bases all
coming online in the next few years. China’s basically doubling the world’s renewable
generation overnight? What’s not to like? Well, it’s not an unalloyed good or success.
China’s emissions levels have continued to rise, and they’re still building coal plants to
supplement the intermittent power of their renewable bases. After a post COVID rebound
in CO2 output during 2023, some estimates are showing that China may have hit peak carbon.
2024 and beyond shows declining numbers … but building and permitting more coal plants in 2023
and beyond feels like two steps forward and one step back. As we’ve seen in places like Germany,
even methodical, well-planned attempts to entirely phase out coal by 2030 have been scrapped in
light of unforeseen geopolitics and energy crises. China already accounts for half the world’s
coal consumption, so it's worrying to see their government constructing even more
coal plants. As some analysts have warned, there’s a fight brewing in China
between renewables stakeholders, and fossil fuels stakeholders. It’s a familiar
fight we’re seeing everywhere around the world. I can only hope that renewables will
win — and do what I can back home. But what do you think about the rapid build
out of giant solar power plants like this? Jump into the comments and let me know. And
be sure to check out my follow up podcast Still TBD where we'll be discussing some of
your feedback. Thanks to all of my patrons, who get ad free versions of every video.
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